cohesion and coherence

Cohesion and coherence
The sentences in a paragraph are not loosely connected. There is a connection between the sentences. The second sentence might be the result of the first. If we read the third sentence without reading  the first two sentence, we cannot get at the meaning of that sentence. This logical link is one of the addition, or cause and effective relationship. It is not stated explicitely.
This logical link is called ‘Coherence’. A good easy should have cohesion and coherence. Cohesion is of three types.
1. Lexical Cohesion (Topical Cohesion)
2. Grammatical Cohesion (Cohesion)
3. Logical Cohesion (Coherence)
Lexical cohesion/Topical cohesion
                The words used in an essay are essentially connected to the Topic. For (eg) the words like City, Town, Roads, Buildings, & Collectorate, College, University, Institutions-Public and Private, Clock Tower, Temple, Hotels, Treasury, Corporation, Market, Shops, Textile shops, Grocery Shop, Super   Market, Banks, etc., are associated with a big City or Corporation. If we want to write about a particular town we will have to use these words. From the above observation it is clear that we select only those words that are closely associated with it. The sentences in a text are held together because of our use of topically connected words. Hence it is called Topical cohesion or Lexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion can also be achieved by repetition of key words and the use of synonyms.  
   Reading speeds are meaningless unless accompanied by comprehension.
Grammatical cohesion
          Grammatical cohesion is achieved by the grammatical relationship between sentences or sentence elements  in  a text.  The pronoun, conjunctions, and other pronominal forms serve as grammatical links.
Logical cohesion or Coherence
Besides topical and grammatical cohesions, the text should also have logical cohesion. This is often called as Coherence. There is a logical connection in the series of sentences in a paragraph. The logical connection is achieved by devices like addition, amplification, comparision, contrast, enumeration, temporal relation, conclusion etc.


                    LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
                           LINGUISTIC MARKERS
Additions, amplifications
And, besides, In addition, m ore over, further ,again
Contrast
But, however, on the contrary.
Comparision
Similarly, likewise(that)
Condition
If, provided that, unless, as long as, supposing(that)
Concession
Though, although
Cause and effect
As a result of, therefore, consequently, because, thus, hence, so
Exemplification
First, to begin with, second , finally
Temporal relationship
 Before, after, during, in the meantime, while
Reformulation
In other words, otherwise
Summary or generalisation
To conclude, in conclusion, to sum up



   
               


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